Lentiviral expression vectors offer a convenient and efficient approach to introduce a cDNA sequence stably into the genomic DNA of virtually any mammalian cells. Lentiviral vectors have the genetic elements required for packaging, transduction, stable integration of the viral expression construct into genomic DNA, and expression of a gene of interest. Since transduced lentiviral vectors integrate into the genomic DNA, the cDNA they carry is heritable as the cells propagate.
High titer VSV-G pseudoviral particles are produced by transiently co-transfecting the expression construct and packaging plasmids into producer cells (e.g., HEK293 cells), which provide the proteins essential for transcription and packaging of an RNA copy of lentiviral vector into recombinant pseudoviral particles. High titer vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV-G) pseudotyped viral particles are produced and secreted by the co-transfected packaging cells into the culture media where they can be harvested to transduce (i.e., infect) target cells with the expression constructs.
The VSV-G pseudotyped viral particles efficiently mediate viral entry through lipid binding and plasma membrane fusion to infect virtually any mammalian cells, as well as some avian cell lines. The lentiviral vectors are engineered so that they do not have the required elements to make viral particles without the associated proteins on the packaging plasmids. As a result, once these vectors are introduced into the target cells, they do not generate virus.
Pseudotyped lentiviruses have been successfully used to transduce many other cell types, including neuronal, dendritic, endothelial, retinal, pancreatic, hepatic, aortic smooth muscle cells, airway epithelia, skin fibroblasts, macrophages, etc. Lentivectors have also been successfully used for direct in vivo delivery and expression of transgenes in muscle, brain, airway epithelium, liver, pancreas, retina, and skin.